2.
   2022
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.       ? -     
   '  
2.                
 
?
-
3.    -          
      -   
4.         ?      
     
-
2.
5.        ?    -       
6.       '    ?
-
7.   -      
8.      ?          
   ?
2.
   2022
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.       ? -     
   '  
:󽇐   ?
    :   
       ,        
     
 :         
   ,          
?     
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
  :      '        
       ,         
        :
2.
 :
       
       
          ,      

             , 
     
          
 
󹺢  
    
 
    
 ,      

     
         
      ,           :
   
 
 
  
       
  :
    
󽇐    
       : - (H-O) 
         :
 
 
    ?
           
      
          ,     (, ) 
,        
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
󷇮󷇭    
2.
󷄧󷄫  
, ,      (    )  :
 
 
   
  HO   :  -      
 ,  :
󼪿󼫂󼫃󼫀󼫄󼫅󼫁󼫆
󷸤󷸥󷸧󷸦
󷹃󷹄󷹅󷹆󷹇
󼫕󼫖󼫎󼫏󼫐󼫐󼫑󼫒󼫓󼫗󼫘󼫔
󹷗󹷘󹷙󹷚󹷛󹷜 
󷄧󷄬- 
, , ,      :
 
 
 - 
    :
󹳾󹳿󹴀󹴁󹴂󹴃
󺞹󺞺󺞻󺞼󺞽󺞿󺟀󺞾
󷫿󷬀󷬁󷬄󷬅󷬆󷬇󷬈󷬉󷬊󷬋󷬂󷬃
󽁌󽁍󽁎 
 :
-  -    -  -
  
       
 
󽇐    
   , H–O           
     ,        


      :
2.
󷄧󷄫 ,  ,   (  )󷄧󷄬       
   
      󷄧󷄮   
󷄰󷄯    󷄧󷄱       
󷄧󷄲 
 
         ,    
 

󽇐   
     
    '   
      
         "
"     
  "
      " H–O      
  ' 
   '         :
  
  
 
     
  -     
    
:
     
    
     

           
      
   :

 
2.
 
  
         
󽇐   /   
     ,    
   -  
      !
      :
󽆱    
   :    
   
   
      : , , , , 
,    
       
 
󽆱 
              
      :  - ,   H-O  
  -         ,  -
        -      
      :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
     
󽆱     
         
  , , 
       '  

󽆱    
      '      :   
   
,            
  
2.
󽆱    
      : -      
 
        
 
󽇐
     
   :        
                
 
-         :     
     -  -      -
  -     
  ,     ,    
 ,
 ,         -
      
 ,           '   
    
             
  
2.                
 
?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
              
-  ,        ,  ,  
              -
         -   -  
     -             
   
 ,       
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            
 ,                
        
 
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼          |
1.   
      '        
      ( )
:       ,      
    ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
   - 
 
2.    
   ,             
  
  
      
 
:            
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   '      
3.     
            
       
:         ,
  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
4.     
          
       
 
:             
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
5.     
   
 ,      
           
2.
:           
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
6.     
      
 ,     
 
  '   '          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
 ,  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼         
?
      ,      
       -    
       '      
 
1.   
          
 
 (   
)  -    
:          
 ; ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
2.  
          
           
:        ,    
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       -   
3.   
 '         
     ,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
4.    
2.
  (  , , )   '    
 
    -  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   '             

5.   
     (   )  
 
   
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '           
6.     
      ,      
  
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
            -  
   ,       
       
 
           -   
        -     ,    
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             
            
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼         
  ,    
 
        
 
   :    '  ,  -
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
,        

󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 
2.

 
 

  
,      


   
     

   

     
 
  
,  
 
  
   


  
-  
 
󷇮󷇭  
     
 -      
        ,       
 -             : 
     ,      
-
3.    -          
      -   
: :       
              
 ,   ,
   ,    ,       ,      
  -               
   -       (BoP)   
  ,      ,   '   ,   
         -      
                
             ,    BoP  
      ,  BoP          
             
        |
2.
     '    :󷄧󷄫  󷄧󷄬   
         
     
1.  
    -   , ,    
  
    "    "      
     :
()    ( )
                 :





  >      >   
            
 
 , ,     
()       ( )
        
     
  :
 
  
 
  
 
    
  ,           
2.
() 
   :
      
   

 ,            
 ,  
 -             

        ,        
(d)  
 -            :
       


   
         
 ,     '             
  
2.  
      ,           
      
  -             :
()      (...)
2.
       ,       
 :        ,       
   
FDI   
:
  
 
   
 
 
()      (...)
    :



           
()   
     :
 
...
 
  
 ,        ,      
(d)      
    ,  ,        
3.   
2.
          ,     ,
            :
  ( )

   (SDR)
        
   
  ?
  BoP          :
     
  
 
 
  
  '   
   ,       
      
 BoP           -
  
1.  
      
 ,   BoP     
     :
    
  
    
  '  
    
 , "  "      
2.
2.  
     '       
 :
     
         
       
3.     
         
 ,     
                    ,
    ,        
4.       
   :
   (FDI)
 
 
   
   BoP       
5. - 
-   
  -       
BoP      
6.     ' 
  '    :
 
2.
  
-  
        
7.      
     ,    BoP   '    IMF  
     

        -        
   '  ,           BoP 
   ,       ,     
  ,           
,   ,    ,      
   
BoP                ,
         
       
     ,           
     -      
4.         ?      
     
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
       ,    -      - ,
, , ,     ,         
            
   :   ,        , 
  ,              
         ,     
   ,       
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            -  
  ,     ( )     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼        
               (   ) 
                  
-  
  
1.     
         ,    
:      70 '   ,    
 
   1 USD = 70 INR
2.        
  ',   ( )    
,     '           
3.   
    ,         
     ,          
 
   ,           
 
4.    
           
              
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :            
         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
1.     
         
          ,    

2.
:            
-    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
2.  ' 
            
       ,      - 
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   '           
3.     
       
                
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
4.    
       ,       
 ,      
    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
5.        
     ,      
  
         
     


󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
1.    
          
 
:    ,         
  

2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
2.   
            
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,        
3.    
        ,      
         (  1997     
  )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               

4.  
           
:         ,      
  ,     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
 
5.       
            
   
       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
      


󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
        ,     
  
              
         
      
  -     
 -    -
     

2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        ,     ' 
 
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 

  
 

/  
  

     

    

 
    
  

 
 
   
 
    
   
󷇮󷇭  
         ,   

 ,              
  ,    ' ,        ,
        ,      
-
5.        ?    -       
:󽇐       ?
         
 ,     
 ,
  
 ,           ,    

 ,    ,   ,        
 
 
           
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             ,   
 ,       ,       
""     
 ,  ""     

           :
  (  , , , )
2.
   '  
    
       
󽆤     
?
    
:
          
 , , , ,        
         
 
      
       
 ,            ,   
   
          
󽇐   
                  

  '    :
   
   
, , ,   
, ,      
   
 ,   
      ,       '  
󽇐     
              
  

         
󷄧󷄫 -
2.
             
,    
       '       ,   
    :
    
   
   
   
 ,   ,  ,      
,   , ,        
  
󷄧󷄬        
    '     
        
    ,      
:
  
       
      
      
      
 ,      
        
 
󷄧󷄭    '
               '
      '       
 :
    '  
   '  
     '  
 ,    -  -  
2.
󷄧󷄮  -
    
           
     ,           ' 
 :
    ?
   ?
     
            
󷄰󷄯    
                
   '    , ,  ,  
      
 :
     
        
          
 ,   ,         
󷄧󷄱        
 
   ,              
           
    ?
  
     
   
,       
       
 
2.
󷄧󷄲      
               ,
         
   ,  
   
 ,         
󽇐
 ,              
, ,                
     
 
      ,    ,  ,
          
    
      ,  ,  , , 
 ,   ,       
6.       '    ?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   '    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
        , ,  , , 
    -  '       
                
   ,   (      )  
(         )     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :           -   
   ,              

 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 ' 
       ,      

2.
1.     
    - , , ,  - '     
    
 
:       
 ,    
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
2.     
       ""   
     
 ,      
   
       ,       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
3.     (R&D)
,     '    
 
      
 
:         ()    
    -    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           -  -
 
4.  
   (       )   '
   
      ,     
 ,  
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
 :     
5.    
  (     )      
  
    

      ,      

 
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
            
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  ' 
           ,     
 
 
1.  
 , ,          
  
:       -    
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
2.  
 ,     '     
    '
    
:          
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
3.  
           
:           
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
4.   
,    '      '  
 
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
           
   
5.      
    '    
 ,     
2.
     ,         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
        ,       
 
          ,   
 
     ,        
    
       
   ,    '     
 ,   
     
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
           

 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 
     
   
 
       
  
    ,    ,     
  
       
          '    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   '            

󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 

 ' 
 
  
   
 
 
2.
 
 
 

    
  
 
  
 
󷇮󷇭  
          ,    
 ,       ,    
  ,         
 
-
7.   -      
: 
    ,    "", "",  "
   "      ,        
  , , , , ,   -      
      
        

:          ?  ,   
   
 ?
   ,        "  " 
     -         
               
     ,      : , ,
    ,    , ,
,          
   
     
1.    -    
               
               
      ?  
      
'    
2.
              
 
       ,    
   
         
,    

    :
 :           
 :-        
 
       ,        
   
        
2.    -   
,   
              
  ,     
  ?   ,  ?
 ,  ,    '    :
    
     
     
           ,  ,  
  
     ,      ,
   ,    ,         
  ,          
3.    -   -
             
     ,   
 ',      
,          -     
 
 -      
 '           ,   ,
    
        
        :
    
        
2.
            
              
    ,            

4.    -    
  
   ₹100   ,         
₹40        ?  
 ,   
              
          ,   , 
      '      ,   
        -  '       
5.    -    
                
     ,        ,  
       , ,      
   
 ,         ,     
 ,           
6.    -     
       
   ,     
, , ,          
           
     
     
7.    -    
  '    ,          ,
 ,      ,     
2.
    '           
  
8.     -    '  
        '   ,       
 ,              
,  -         :
 
...
 
 
 
          
9.    -      
    , ,       
  ,  '           
 ,               
     

      
;   -   
 ,              
  - , ,    - 

 ,   ,
, ,           
8.      ?          
   ?
2.
: 󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
           , ,    
   
           
 
 -          ,    
    ,         
               ,  

      '        
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :          -   
   
    -  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
 ,          ,    "
  " (1776)             
  
1.    ()
      
            
  
:             

    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
        '   
2.   
        ,     
      
 
:    -        
'  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
3.   
             
2.
:      (TDS)    
  
 '       

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
 
4.    
                
:   ₹100     ₹10   ,    
   ₹100    ₹50   ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
        '   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  ,          
 
5.   
         
      
 ,  

:   GST     
     
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
         
6.   
              
   
:    ,         

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
7.   
         
          
:             
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    - 
 
2.
8.    
        '    ,   '

:  ,  , ,  ,   
     
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   '         
 
9.   
            

:    ,   '    
 '        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
         
10.      
      
 ,        
   
:               ,
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
                
  
          ,    
  (  )
        ,     
(  )
          ,   
 (  )
       '   ,    
(  )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,        
 ,         '     
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
  
      -  
    
     
 
       
        ( ,  '  
     )
            
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   -   -      

󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 




  
      

  
   

   
  ()

  
  

   
,  


   

  
  

 
  +  + 

-
    
󷇮󷇭  
             
        
      
   
,        ,     
 
"               
 
       ,       
 "